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Verbesserung der Nährstoffeffizienz der wichtigsten Kulturarten zur Reduzierung von produktionsbedingten negativen Umwelteffekten

Abstract

Basierend auf den aktuellen Prognosen für das Wachstum der Weltbevölkerung und die zunehmende Nachfrage nach "erneuerbare Energiequellen" wird es notwendig, die Erträge für die Hauptnahrungsmittel, Futtermittel und potenziellen Biokraftstoffpflanzen zu erhalten oder zu verbessern. Es ist jedoch allgemein anerkannt, dass eine solche Produktivitätssteigerung umweltverträglich vor allem in Bezug auf Nährstoffbelastung, Energieverbrauch und Treibhausgasemissionen erreicht werden muss. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz definiert als die Fähigkeit Ausbeuten an ( a) Gesamt-Biomasse (Futter / Energiepflanzen) oder (b) gewünschte Ausbeute Komponenten (z.B. Getreide, Knollen, Öl) mit reduzierten Düngemitteleingänge (insbesondere N und und P) zu erhalten oder zu erhöhen. Die meisten bisherigen Forschungsprojekte zur Reduktion des Düngemitteleinsatzes konzentrierten sich auf die Verbesserung der landwirtschaftlichen Methoden, während die Forschung und Entwicklung von Sorten mit erhöhter Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz nur wenig Beachtung fand.

Das Hauptziel des NUE- CROPS Projekt ist es, Wissen, Modelle und Werkzeuge zu entwickeln, die benötigt werden um Nährstoffnutzung effiziente (NUE) Sorten von Mais, Weizen, Raps und Kartoffeln zu züchten/selektieren und diese NUE-Sorten  mit landwirtschaftlichen Innovationen zu kombinieren, um insgesamt die Verwendung von Düngemitteln und die damit verbundenen negativen Umweltauswirkungen der Pflanzenproduktion deutlich zu reduzieren bei gleichbleibendem oder verbessertem Ertrag und hoher Qualität.

Descrizione dettagliata del progetto

Winter wheat cultivars for organic farming have to be adapted to highly variable environments. Yield and yield stability, the nutritional value and the bread making quality are here of major importance. Particularly, seed quality, tillering capacity, regeneration ability after harrowing, weed suppression ability, resistance or tolerance against diseases and improved nutrient use efficiency (NUE) under limited nutrient conditions need to be improved by specific breeding efforts.

At FiBL, 10 winter wheat cultivars were grown in 2009 and 2010 in two organic systems of the DOK long-term experiment in CH-Therwil to observe genotype x management interactions. We assessed grain yield, yield components and parameters related to baking quality and NUE. The objectives of the study were (i) to compare the yield, nutrients use efficiency and baking quality of organically and conventionally bred varieties and old varieties under organic and conventional conditions (systems), (ii) to test the significance of Genotype x Management interactions, and (iii) to assess the correlation of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF-RC) and NUE.

Conservation tillage (no-till and reduced tillage) brings many benefits with respect to soil fertility and energy use, but it also has drawbacks regarding the need for synthetic fertilizers and herbicides. To promote conservation tillage in organic farming systems, crop rotation, fertilization and weed control have to be optimized. In addition, crop varieties are needed with improved nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and high weed competitiveness or tolerance. As soil temperature rises slowly in reduced tillage systems in early spring, nitrogen mineralisation is often delayed resulting in temporary shortage of nitrogen (N) supply. Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role for nutrient acquisition of many crop plants, especially for insoluble elements like phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn). Crop management that favors native AMF populations or inoculation of selected AMF strains might thus increase crop nutrient uptake. We studied at FiBL the effect of different agronomic practices on the NUE and plant microbe interaction of six maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids as well as the effect of AMF inoculations on maize yield.

The objectives of the study were (i) to quantify the NUE of maize genotypes under different tillage regimes and fertilization levels, (ii) to compare the effect of slow releasing organic versus easily soluble mineral fertilizer on dry matter yield and weed coverage, (iii) to test the significance of Genotype x Management Interaction, and (vi) to assess the correlation of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF-RC) and NUE.

Risultati del progettohttp://orgprints.org/18931
Programma (di ricerca)
  • Europäische Union, 7. Forschungsrahmenprogramm
Partner del progetto
  • University of Newcastle (project coordination), UK
  • Albert-Georg University of Göttingen, Germany
  • Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
  • KWS UK
  • James Hutton Institute (formerly the Scottish Crop Research Institute) , UK
  • KWS Germany
  • University of Düsseldorf, Germany
  • AgroBio Institute, Bulgaria
  • University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, China
  • Washington State University, USA
Responsabile del progetto al FiBL / contatto
  • Mäder Paul (Dipartimento di scienze del suolo)
  • Messmer Monika (Dipartimento di scienze delle produzioni vegetali)
(le persone senza link non lavorano più al FiBL)
Collaboratrici e collaboratori del FiBL coinvolti
  • Berner Alfred (Departement für Bodenwissenschaften)
  • Thonar Cécile (Departement für Bodenwissenschaften)
(le persone senza link non lavorano più al FiBL)
Ruolo del FiBL

Work package manager of WP 5.3

Gruppo/ Punto focale del lavoro/ Sedi
  • Nutrizione delle piante & simbiosi (Dipartimento di scienze del suolo, FiBL Svizzera)
  • Selezione vegetale (Dipartimento di scienze delle produzioni vegetali, FiBL Svizzera)
Numero di progetto del FiBL 10033
Data di modifica 15.07.2022
Indietro